Difference Between an Immigrant Visa and Nonimmigrant Visa

Contrast Between an Immigrant Visa and Nonimmigrant Visa What Is the contrast between an outsider visa and a nonimmigrant visa? Your decision of visa is controlled by the motivation behind your movement to the United States. On the off chance that your stay will be transitory, at that point youll need to make an application for a nonimmigrant visa. This sort of visa permits you to venture out to a U.S. port-of-passage to demand induction from a Department of Homeland Security official. On the off chance that you are a resident of a nation that is a piece of the Visa Waiver Program, you may go to the U.S. without a visa on the off chance that you meet certain necessities. There are in excess of 20 visas accessible under the nonimmigrant grouping, to cover the assortment of reasons why somebody may visit for a brief timeframe. These reasons incorporate the travel industry, business, clinical treatment and specific kinds of brief work. Foreigner visas are allowed to the individuals who plan to live and work forever in the U.S. There are 4 significant classifications inside this visa characterization, including close family members, exceptional foreigners, family-supported and boss supported.

Case Study on the application of the U.N Convention on Contract for Term Paper

Contextual analysis on the utilization of the U.N Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods - Term Paper Example Along these lines, it becomes obvious that in the current case, it is conceivable to apply the CISG. The second significant factor to be considered is the thing that occurs on the off chance that one gathering neglects to convey the items inside the predetermined date. In fact, as indicated by the agreement, the items were to be conveyed by fifteenth July. Nonetheless, the items were conveyed distinctly on fourth August. As indicated by Article 33 (an) of CSIG, the dealer must convey the merchandise on the day fixed by or definite from the agreement. Obviously, the agreement had fixed the date of conveyance as fifteenth July. Nonetheless, it appears that FireWeasel (purchaser) didn't give GeniuX (dealer) an extra timeframe of sensible length to convey the products. As indicated by Article 47, passage 1, the purchaser may fix an extra timeframe of sensible length for execution by the dealer of his commitments. Be that as it may, in the current case, it appears that the purchaser didn' t fix any extra timeframe for the dealer and there was no correspondence in this association. Along these lines, it becomes clear that however the dealer neglected to convey the products in time, the purchaser loses the lawful option to guarantee that the agreement was kept away from. The third significant point is the thing that happens when the agreement doesn't make reference to anything about the nature of the item requested. It is obvious from the case that the items conveyed by the merchant are sufficiently bad to empower the purchaser to contend in the market. Article 35 (2a) calls attention to that except if concurred something else, the merchandise don't fit in with the agreement on the off chance that they are not fit for the reason for which products of a similar portrayal are ordinarily utilized. In any case, the case shows that the items conveyed are not all that terrible and are just somewhat mediocre compared to different contenders. In this manner, it is feasible for the purchaser to depend on the low quality of the items conveyed. Another significant point is the manner by which and when the matter of absence of congruity ought to be educated by the purchaser to the merchant. It is called attention to in Article 39 that the purchaser loses the option to guarantee absence of similarity on the off chance that he doesn't pull out to the vender, indicating the idea of the absence of congruity inside a sensible timeframe. Clearly, the purchaser in the current case has quickly educated the merchant about the need regarding similarity. It is seen that the item was conveyed on fourth August and was reviewed on eighth August. On ninth August, the absence of congruity was accounted for to the merchant by email. Another significant point is if the purchaser has the duty to permit the vender some an opportunity to supplant the items at their own cost and if the dealer has the lawful option to demand for such possibility. As per Article 47 (1), it is the o bligation of the purchaser to fix an extra timeframe of sensible length for the merchant to satisfy his commitments. Notwithstanding, it is seen that however the purchaser educated the merchant about the low quality of the items, it didn't allow the vender to improve the presentation. It implies that however the purchaser can guarantee that the items were of low quality, it won't get any legitimate advantages as it neglected to permit the merchant a sensible time to improve the exhibition. Presently the inquiry emerges with regards to whether the purchaser has the duty to pay for the items it bought. It is called attention to in Article 53 that the purchaser must take care of the merchandise and take conveyance of the items in

Sex and Drug Use Increase Teen Suicide Risk

Sex and Drug Use Increase Teen Suicide Risk Depression Suicide Print Sex and Drug Use Increase Teen Suicide Risk By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 20, 2020 Petar Chernaev / E+ / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide is the third leading cause of death for teens in the United States.?? The rates of depression and suicide in U.S. teenagers have been increasing for decades.??   Although many factors are involved, several studies suggest that adolescents who engage in high-risk behaviors are more likely to attempt suicide. Research has also suggested that sexual activity and illegal drug use significantly increase teens’ risk for depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. Teen Awareness Teens growing up in the U.S. are well aware of the mental health challenges facing their generation: In 2018, a Pew Research survey found 70% of teens aged 13â€"17 consider mental health to be “a major problem” among their peers.??   When teens were asked about specific issues of concern within their peer groups and communities, substance use and teen pregnancy were among the problems noted:   Drug use: 51% of teens considered drug use a major problem among peers.Alcohol use: 45% of teens considered alcohol use a major problem among peers.Teen pregnancy: 34% of teens considered teen pregnancy a major problem among peers. In recent decades, the rates of substance use and sexual activity among U.S. teens have been decreasing, while the rates of depression and suicide have continued to increase.   There’s little doubt these factors can contribute to poor mental health for teens, but the relationship is complex. For adults who are seeking to understand the impact of these factors and behaviors, seeking and reviewing the most recent research, data, and guidelines (as well as considering their context) is key to mitigating the effects and improving the mental health of teens. Teen Suicide Statistics What Research Suggests Around 28% of U.S. high school students have experienced severe depression, and suicide is the third leading cause of death for teens between the ages of 15â€"19. For those who study adolescent mental health, the first step in preventing these rates from increasing (and finding ways to lower them) is figuring out what forces are driving them. In 2004, a team of researchers lead by Denise D. Hallfors, Ph.D., a Senior Research Scientist at the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, analyzed various sex and drug behavior patterns via data from a survey of nearly 19,000 teens in grades 7â€"12. The data were gathered from 132 U.S. schools as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The researchers divided the teens into 16 groups according to their behaviors, including:   “Abstainers” (completely avoid sex and drugs)Sex “dabblers” (experimentation with sexual behavior)Teens with multiple sexual partnersAlcohol and sex “dabblers”Illegal drug users   How Self-Esteem Influences Risky Sexual Behavior in Teens Teen Sex Pregnancy The teens in the “abstainer” group reported the lowest levels of depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts, while the teens in groups associated with sex and illicit drug use reported the highest levels.   Teens who were “dabblers” in sex, drugs, alcohol, and tobacco fell somewhere in the middle in terms of depression and suicide risk.   The study found that female teens were less likely than males of the same age to pursue high-risk behaviors. However, the girls who did engage in these behaviors were more vulnerable to depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts than their male peers. Thats not to say that simply engaging in sexual behaviors means a teen will become depressedâ€"the type and relationship context may make a difference. In 2018, a team of researchers at Cornell found that teens who engage in casual, non-romantic sex or “hookups” may be more prone to developing depression than their sexually-active peers who are in stable relationships.??   Other studies have indicated that sexually-active teens who participate in “sexting” may be more likely to have mental health problems as well as be more likely to be delinquent.?? However, previous research has indicated that academically, teens who are sexually active don’t do any better or worse in school than their abstinent peers.?? While these behaviors and activities may influence mental health for teens who are or become sexually active, they may not be the majority in their peer group.  Data presented in a January 2018 edition of the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report indicated teens are waiting longer to have sex for the first time. In 1991, 53% of U.S. high schoolers had been sexually active. By 2005, the percentage had fallen to 47%. In 2015, the number of high school students who had ever had sex was down to 41%. In 2017, the rate had dropped to 39.5%.   In fact, the rates of teens having sex have been on the decline for the last several decades.?? One survey from 2018 put the percentage of teens who had ever had sex at just 40%â€"the lowest numbers since tracking began in 1991.??   Substance Use Research from 2018 indicates that teens are using drugs and alcohol at lower rates than in previous decades.?? According to CDC data, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana continue to be the most commonly used substances by teens in the U.S.?? With the exception of marijuana (the rates for which have remained steady)?? and vaping (which has significantly increased),?? drug and alcohol use among teens has also been declining. In 2018, the rate of use for tobacco was actually the lowest in the survey’s history.   Teens are more likely to use marijuana every day than cigarettes. In response to an annual NIH survey, 71% of high school seniors said they don’t see much harm in using marijuana every day. However, in the same survey, 64% of high school seniors said they disapprove of daily marijuana use.?? Self-reported student data collected by the CDC indicates that the rate of illicit drug use among U.S. teens is declining. In 2007, 22.6% of teens reported they had tried at least one illicit drug. In 2017, only 14% of teens reported ever using drugs.??   Socioeconomic Factors Hallfors’ study also found that the risk of depression for teens is reduced by half if they come from a family of higher socioeconomic status.?? However, at the same time, coming from a higher socioeconomic background increased teens’ risk for suicidal thoughts.??   While the association isnt completely clear, previous research lead by the Federal Reserve Bank in San Francisco in 2010 investigated the high rate of suicides in wealthy California neighborhoods. The study suggested that for higher-income families, social and economic pressure to keep up with others (such as neighbors, colleagues, etc.) likely contributes to stress which in turn raises the risk of depression and suicide.?? The socio-economic circumstances of a teens family may influence their mental and sexual health in other ways. Research has shown that growing up in a low-income family can be a stronger determinant of the age at which a teen becomes sexually active than genetics (which is generally regarded as a prominent influence).?? Studies have shown that female teens who begin having sex at a younger age may be more prone to depression.?? As noted by Pew Research, the downward trend in teen births over the last few decades occurred in the context of an economic recession.?? Historically, birth rates are lower in all age groups during periods of economic depression. While the overall birth rate in the U.S. began to recover as the economy did, however, the teen birth rate did not. In fact, it has continued to fall.  The rates of teen pregnancy and parenthood have been steadily declining over the last decade. In 2018, the birth rate among teen girls was half of what it was in 2008.??   Screening and Treatment At the end of her teams study, Hallfors said doctors treating adolescent patients should “strongly consider” screening teens for depression, as well as assessing their suicide risk if they report having sex and/or using drugs. However, surveys of medical professionals have found that doctors may not be talking about sex?? and drug use?? with teen patients. These findings are concerning, but researchers are hoping to encourage and support these important dialogues between doctors and the adolescents they treat.     Healthcare providers should ask all adolescent patients about sexual activity and drug use. Any teen who reports engaging in the behaviors, especially if more than “dabbling,” needs to be screened for depression and suicide risk.   When talking to teens about the risks of sexual intercourse and drug use, studies have shown that harm reduction approaches are most effective (for example, when compared to abstinence-only sex education).?? Research has also consistently indicated that providing information about and access to contraceptives to teens does not lead to increased sexual activity.?????   Teen Suicide Warning Signs and Prevention A Word From Verywell For teens, emerging sexuality, peer pressure, and exposure to substances can cause stress. Its important that the adults around them (including parents, teachers, coaches, doctors, and counselors) understand how these behaviors can contribute to depression in teens. This includes being aware of the most current research and statistics and being able to use these facts to engage teens when discussing these topics freelyâ€"and without shame. Its also important that preteens and teens have access to accurate and actionable information and resources to help them become more informed about their sexual health. Teenagers also need supportive adults to educate them on and help them recognize the signs of substance use problems. They also need to become familiar with the resources available at school or within their community from which they can seek help if they (or someone in their peer group) is using substances. Myths About Teen Suicide

Chapter Four Research Methodology Essay - 1830 Words

CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In Chapter 4 will be described the methodology which was used. In this chapter, we will explain the reasons for choosing this methodology and give more details about this study. We will explain and present the methods that help us in this project. An overview of the method that was used to collect the data will be given. Afterwards, the statistical concepts will be explained thoroughly. 4.1 Data Collection This was a multicentre, prospective longitudinal cohort study. All eligible people with Dukes A-C colorectal cancer were approached before primary surgery from 30 NHS cancer treatment centres across the UK between November 2010 and March 2012. Questionnaires were given whenever possible before the primary surgery which was the baseline and then after 3, 9, 15 and 24 months. Baseline questionnaires were handed to the participants by the recruiting clinician or the research nurse and all the other questionnaires were mailed out to participants. [3] 4.2 Statistical Methods Firstly, we would like to describe the anxiety and depression data at baseline and at 3, 9, 15, 24 months after surgery for colorectal cancer. Anxiety was measured with STAI-state scale, depression with CES-D scale and the relevant question on the EQ-5Dâ„ ¢ assessed anxiety and depression together. More analytically, we will present in a table (Table 2) mean STAI-state scores and mean CES-D scores, the numbers and theShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Social Science1076 Words   |  5 Pagesexpresses his intention to explore the philosophy of social science of which he categorises into four modes. He attempted to seek for the acceptable compromises between all and each mode to define a better way of understanding the social world. Hollis clearly states that the key task of this book is to reflect on the underlying philosophy of social science through the critical examination of the theory and methodology in each approach. 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This study comprises of four upcoming Chapters: the Literature Review, the Methodology, the Findings and the Discussion Chapters. In the Literature Review I will be discussing the various different studies on the field, highlighting the key issues and making comparisons between the different studies, while at the end of this Chapter I will be presenting my research questions and how the literature has informed them. In the Methodology Chapter I will be explaining myRead MoreThe Liberal State Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 11.3 Research Objectives The Indian State has ensured that the employers have a far more control over labour than ever before. The thought of the neo-liberal state as one that is more disengaged in its political economy functioning is a lost one. 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Certain research studies aim on one category of factors whereas some others focus on two or all three categories of factors for estimating the IRS (Afsal and Mirza, 2010; Azeez and Gamage, 2013; Banda, 2010; Chirwa and Mlachila 2004; Kumari, 2014; Saunders and SchumacherRead MoreThe For Conflict Resolution On The Land Use Conflict Between Concessions Companies And Community Members Of The Nimba County1102 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Objective, Content and Key issues to be resolved 1.2 .1 Research Objective The need for conflict resolution in the land use conflict between concessions companies and community members of the Nimba County in Liberia cannot be over emphasized since the sustainability of most economies is predicated on the availability of natural resource of that country. 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Why Misfits Is An American Serial Killer - 1379 Words

A Misfit could be described as an individual who doesn’t seem to fit into any social group. A person of such features could be labeled as an introvert, shy, depressed, miserable but usually clever and mature. The reason why Misfits are usually intelligent or clever is because can be perceived as imaginative, reasonable and understanding; however, they always care more about themselves and fail to envision the lives from different perspectives. They perceive themselves as unique and disappointed with all those around them. One good example of a recent Misfit was an American serial killer, Theodore Robert Bundy, who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s. While injuring and murdering his victims, Theodore didn’t bother to envision life from the perspective of his victims. At a court trial on January, 1989, Theodore or Ted, was once acknowledged calling himself, â€Å"...the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you’ll ever meet† (M ichaud, 1999). This reveals how ruthless and hard-hearted Ted was. Other characters of Misfits could also be acknowledged in many different stories or poems. Some instances of the Misfit could be found in Emily from the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and the father in the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz.† Emily and the father share the same aspects of behavior and frame of mind when dealing with social encounters. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by an American author, William Faulkner, who centers the story around a character namedShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers, By Flannery O Connor1209 Words   |  5 Pagesable to shoot, bludgeon, or torture a whole family and then sleep peacefully just hours after. Serial Killers have piqued the American public’s interest for generations. In the 1970s, for example, America was enthralled by the danger and fear of Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy, famous serial killers who killed a combined number of over a hundred people. Following suit of the popularity of serial killers, they have become ingrained in our culture through art, books, news, talk-shows, and movies. A famousRead More Delivering Moral Messages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and A Good Man is Hard to Find1516 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, a name can say a lot. Arnold Friend’s name can be interpreted as â€Å"aren’t no friend† or â€Å"A. Friend† (Johnson 150). Either way his is a demonic figure that represents the death of Connie’s spirit. In fact, Arnold Friend is based on a serial killer know as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson.† As Oates reports, this â€Å"tabloid psychopath† specialized in â€Å"the seduction and occasional murder of teenage girls† (Wesley). The Pied Piper was in his thirties; yet, he managed to counterfeit teenage dress, talkRead More Flannery OConnors Use of Religious Allegory Essay2383 Words   |  10 Pagesconclusive that the world is governed by inevitable predestination or evil incorporated, though. A deeper meaning needs to be discovered in the text. The most astonishing passages in the story are those when the Grandmother is left face to face with the Misfit and they both discuss serious religious matters. But at the same time it is the most significant passage, for, despite its complexity, is a fine and concise message that O’Connor wis hes to put forward. However odd it may seem, the story about theRead MoreDifferences Between Northern and Southern Writers3020 Words   |  13 PagesThe Differences Between This paper is about four different American authors. Two are from the American South and two are from the American North. Their different styles of writing American literature stories are quite obvious. A goal is to point out the differences in these stories and what drove these authors to write these stories. Each region of our country has its own set of values that are unique to that section of the country. These values influence the characteristics of the life and theRead MoreHoly Spirit and Grandmother7600 Words   |  31 Pagesawakening.†Awakening is a religious word. The Great Awakening was an American Religious movement. | 115 | | A Good Man is Hard to Find | | East Tennessee | The Grandmother did not want to go to Florida. She wanted to go to East Tennessee, the more boring end. | 117 | Grandmother | The whole story is based on two characters, the Misfit and the Grandmother. Many can argue the Grandmother was more of a Misfit than the actual Misfit himself because of her arrogant, artificial, and disrespectful ways

The Birth of Protestantism in Europe Free Essays

Protestantism refers to the third branch of Christianity after Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It is comprised of various denominations or groups each with their own set of traditions. This set of traditions is oftentimes unique to a denomination in terms of beliefs, organization and customs making it separate from other Protestant denomination. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth of Protestantism in Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now This makes Protestantism seem splintered when compared with the very organized structure of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. But one common belief among Protestant denominations is that man can find salvation not through good actions but solely by his faith in Jesus Christ. The first Protestants come out from Europe in the 16th century in what is now called the Reformation. The actual word â€Å"Protestant† was originally coined when five princes of Germany sought reform in the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. They released a statement pronouncing unity against Roman Catholicism. Later in that century, the word was begun to be used to refer to two factions of reformation that broke away from Roman Catholicism: Lutheranism, founded on Martin Luther’s teachings, and Reformed, founded on the philosophies of Huldrvch Zwingli and John Calvin (McKim, 2005). Zwingli and Calvin headed the Protestant movement in Switzerland while John Knox for Scotland. In England, a middle fusion of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism was created in what is now called Anglicanism or the Church of England. From these major groups or denominations, a lot of smaller groups broke away and presently continue to happen as the movement expanded around the world. By tradition, the origins of Protestantism is traced back to October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic priest that time, posted the â€Å"95 Theses† on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. The theses condemn aspects of the Roman Catholic Church that he believed to be not founded on Scripture particularly concerning absolution, confession and indulgences. Roman Catholics believe on indulgence as the complete or initial reduction of mortal chastisement owed for sins previously forgiven in confession. The growing practice of selling indulgences was regarded with huge skepticism since it symbolized a monetary transaction instead of an authentic repentance of the person. Luther viewed this as a serious desecration of the real purpose of confessing one’s sins and doing penance. He asserted that Catholics were fallaciously taught that forgiveness can be obtained by paying for indulgences. The Castle Church where Luther nailed his 95 Theses possessed one of the continent’s biggest collections of religious relics at that time. It was maintained that time that viewing these sacred relics gives the onlooker some indulgence in purgatory. The collector of the relics, Frederick III of Saxony, allowed the religious to view the relics once a year and visitors offered donations for the church’s preservation and receive indulgences in return. Another Dominican priest, Johan Tetzel, started to sell indulgences to help in a campaign to help fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s renovation in Rome. When these devout Catholics went to confess their sins, they handed over their indulgences and asserted that they did not have to repent because the indulgence document already guaranteed the forgiveness of their sins. This angered Luther and obliged him in exposing the deception by composing the 95 Theses, which was originally intended to be presented in public debate at the University of Wittenberg. That day on October 31, 1517, was the day when Martin Luther spoke to the Roman Catholic authorities with his reform appeals and introduced his theses. He also asked them to order the members of the clergy to bring an end to the wrongful practice of selling indulgence. The church authorities did not take any action and this led Luther to circulate his work in private. His 95 Theses proliferated swiftly and printing began in Leipzig, Nuremberg and Basel. All of a sudden the content of his work reverberated all over Germany and beyond, having acquired a growing recognition in a short span of time. Luther’s work echoed with believers not considering social status, wealth or class. The Roman Catholic Church released a response and identified errors in Luther’s work but the damage was already done. The Wittenberg chapel started to celebrate Lutheran services in 1522 instead of the Holy Mass in Roman Catholicism. Martin Luther quickly became popular mainly because of the common sentiment of Roman Catholic believers that time that they were not satisfied with the dishonesty and materialistic cravings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Starting in 1525, other principal European cities like Strasbourg, Nuremberg and Augsburg, officially joined the Reformation movement. Soon after, other principal German states like Saxony, Brandenburg and Hesse joined the movement. Denmark established its first Protestant church in 1357 and Sweden followed in 1539. Meanwhile, the final attempt to formally reconcile with the Roman Catholic Church fell short at the Colloquy of Regensburg in 1540 (Iserloh, 1968). The founding of Protestantism was then regarded as fully accomplished. How to cite The Birth of Protestantism in Europe, Papers

The World Of Freedom Essays - Erin Hannon, , Term Papers

The World Of Freedom The World of Freedom If you have ever opened the midnight color doors, you have been in the world know as DV8. A world within a dance club, where they have forgotten labels, they have remembered images, and they have found true freedom. Welcome to the hottest dance club on Thursday nights. A placed called DV8. Where once a week some of the world's greatest D.J.'s come to spin their records on their turntables. Where some of the greatest rave dancers, come to dance. Where everyone comes together for one magical night in heaven. As you enter the doors of DV8 a bouncer will ask for you I.D. Can I see you I.D.? Oh yes. I pulled out my licence with as I trembled. 18 the bouncer says with an attitude. Everyone has an attitude in the dance clubs. They call it the survival of the fittest. To have survived and to be noticed you must carry yourself as if you were somebody important and as if you were too busy to be bothered with people. This is all part of the game. Everybody wants to be the hunter but not the prey. As I leave the front door, the bouncer started to fight with the person behind me. Sorry man, this is a fake, says the bouncer who weighs at least 200 lbs. He was a muscular man in his late twenties. Nobody would mess with him but the man behind me thought he could. They Williams 2 started to argue, but I just continued my journey into the world of fantasy. Looking around, I could not believe my eyes. There were so many beautiful men and women talking to each another. Clothes were almost too expensive to touch, yet to underground to been seen in the daylight. Realizing how beautiful these people were, I began to feel self-conscious about myself. Do I fit in? Do I belong here, I ask myself? Then, like a flash of lighting it hit me, the sounds, the beats, and the music. The sound had entered my soul like a deadly disease. I did not realize it was there, but when you did it was too late. Your body had already lost control. The music had made you feel like you were as free as the lights creeping into the smallest corners of the club and as free as the enchanting beats of the night. Nobody was safe from the music not even me. However, I decided to glance around and mingle before I entered the dance floor. Noticing a few friends of mine, I ran up to them like I had not seemed them in years. Now I began to feel a little more comfortable with myself. Erin's what is going on, I said. Nothing much. Just hanging out. Trying to get ready to show off my new dance moves., Erin said as she was standing there with a drink in her hand. Erin was a small young woman about 5' 4, but nobody could miss her. Her dark hazel eyes and light curly brown hair sparkled throughout the room. Erin introduces me to her friends, Jason and Eric. I could not believe these people were college students by day and living dancing vampires by night. They had forgotten the labels of society in this club. One could be totally free with themselves and nobody was going to judge them. I think there was also something in the atmosphere that night, a sense of freedom. Williams 3 Erin took me around and showed me all the best places to hang out. We sat on an old retro couch next to the dance floor. We watched the many nameless faces dance. Moving their bodies as if they were liquid, flowing from one end to another. All of this totally amazed me. The movements, the rhythm, and the sounds. Sounds were coming from an upstairs booth. Who was making these sounds? Were they coming from a CD?, I asked myself. Erin noticed the puzzled look on my face and asked me what was the matter. Where is all of the music coming from? She pointed her finger into the air and across the dance floor toward a booth. Lights and posters, advertising new techno sounds and

Biography of Edmund Cartwright, English Inventor

Biography of Edmund Cartwright, English Inventor Edmund Cartwright (April 24, 1743–October 30, 1823) was an English inventor and clergyman. He patented the first power loom- an improved version of the handloom- in 1785 and set up a factory in Doncaster, England, to manufacture textiles. Cartwright also designed a wool-combing machine, an instrument for making rope, and a steam engine powered by alcohol. Fast Facts: Edmund Cartwright Known For: Cartwright invented a power loom that improved the speed of textile production.Born: April 24, 1743 in Marnham, EnglandDied: October 30, 1823 in Hastings, EnglandEducation: University of OxfordSpouse: Elizabeth McMac Early Life Edmund Cartwright was born on April 24, 1743, in Nottinghamshire, England. He graduated from Oxford University and married Elizabeth McMac at the age of 19. Cartwrights father was the Reverend Edmund Cartwright, and the younger Cartwright followed in his fathers footsteps by becoming a clergyman in the Church of England, serving initially as the rector of Goadby Marwood, a village in Leicestershire. In 1786, he became a prebendary (a senior member of the clergy) of  Lincoln Cathedral (also known as St. Marys Cathedral)- a post he held until his death. Cartwrights four brothers were also highly accomplished. John Cartwright was a naval officer who fought for political reforms to the British Parliament, while George Cartwright was a trader who explored Newfoundland and Labrador. Inventions Cartwright was not only a clergyman; he was also a prolific  inventor, though he didnt begin experimenting with inventions until he was in his 40s. In 1784, he  was inspired to create a machine for weaving after he visited inventor Richard Arkwrights cotton-spinning mills in Derbyshire. Although he had no experience in this field and many people thought his ideas were nonsense, Cartwright, with the help of a carpenter, worked to bring his concept to fruition. He completed the design for his first power loom in 1784 and won a patent for the invention in 1785. Although this initial design was not successful, Cartwright continued to make improvements to subsequent iterations of his power loom until he had developed a productive machine. He then established a factory in Doncaster to mass produce the devices. However, Cartwright had no experience or knowledge in business or industry so he was never able to successfully market his power looms and primarily used his factory to test new inventions. He invented a wool-combing machine in 1789 and continued to improve his power loom. He secured another patent for a weaving invention in 1792. Bankruptcy Cartwright went bankrupt in 1793, forcing him to close his factory. He sold 400 of his looms to a Manchester company but lost the remainder when his factory burned down, possibly due to arson committed by handloom weavers who feared they would be put out of work by the new power looms. (Their fears would eventually prove to be well-founded.) Bankrupt and destitute, Cartwright moved to London in 1796, where he worked on other invention ideas. He invented a steam engine powered by alcohol and a machine for making rope, and helped Robert Fulton with his steamboats. He also worked on ideas for interlocking bricks and incombustible floorboards. Improvements to Power Loom Cartwrights power loom needed some improvements, so several inventors took on the challenge. It was improved upon by Scottish inventor William Horrocks, the designer of the variable speed batton, and also by American inventor  Francis Cabot Lowell. The power loom was commonly used after 1820. When it became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in textile factories. Although many of Cartwrights inventions were not successful, he was eventually recognized by the House of Commons for the national benefits of his power loom. The legislators awarded the inventor a prize of 10,000 Britsh pounds for his contributions. In the end, despite Cartwrights power loom being highly influential, he received little in the way of a financial reward for it. Death In 1821, Cartwright was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died two years later on October 30, 1823, and was buried in the small town of Battle. Legacy Cartwrights work played a pivotal role in the evolution of textile production. Weaving was the last step in textile production to be mechanized because of the difficulty in creating the precise interaction of levers, cams, gears, and springs that mimicked the coordination of the human hand and eye. Cartwrights power loom- though flawed- was the first device of its kind to do this, accelerating the process of manufacturing all kinds of cloth. According to the Lowell National Historical Park Handbook,  Francis Cabot Lowell,  a wealthy Boston merchant,  realized that in order for America to keep up with Englands textile production, where successful power looms had been in operation since the early 1800s, they would need to borrow British technology. While visiting English  textile mills, Lowell memorized the workings of their power looms (which were based on Cartwrights designs), and when  he returned to the United States, he recruited a master mechanic named Paul Moody to help him recreate and develop what he had seen. They succeeded in adapting the British design  and the machine shop established at the Waltham mills by Lowell and Moody continued to make improvements in the loom. The first American power loom was constructed in Massachusetts in 1813. With the introduction of a dependable power loom, weaving could keep up with spinning as the American textile industry was underway. The power loom allowed the wholesale manufacture of cloth from ginned cotton, itself a recent innovation of  Eli Whitney. Though primarily known for his inventions, Cartwright was also an esteemed poet. Sources Berend, Ivn. An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization. Cambridge University Press, 2013.Cannon, John Ashton.  The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press, 2015.Hendrickson, Kenneth E., et al.  The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History. Rowman Littlefield, 2015.Riello, Giorgio.  Cotton: the Fabric That Made the Modern World. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Inner Circle English - Definition and Examples

Inner Circle English s The Inner Circle is made up of countries in which English is the first or the dominant language. These countries include Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States. Also called the core English-speaking countries. The inner circle is one of the three concentric circles of World English  identified by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). Kachru describes the inner circle as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother tongue varieties of the language.† The labels inner, outer, and expanding  circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional allocation of the English language in diverse cultural contexts. These labels remain controversial. What is the Inner Circle? Inner circle nations are countries where English is spoken as a first language (mother tongue or L1). They are very often nations to which very large numbers of people migrated from the U.K. For example, the U.S. and Australia are inner circle nations...Whether a country is in the inner, outer, or expanding circle ... has little to do with geography but more to do with history, migration patterns and language policy... [W]hile Kachrus model does not suggest that one variety is better than any other, inner circle nations are, in fact, perceived as having greater ownership over the language, in that they have inherited English as their L1. Even among inner circle nations, not all nations can claim authenticity of the English language. The U.K. is widely perceived as being the origin of the English language and is seen as the authority on what counts as standard English; inner circle nations tend to be regarded as authentic speakers of English (Evans 2005). However, . . . the English us ed even in inner circle nations is not homogenous.  (Annabelle Mooney and Betsy Evans,  Language, Society and Power: An Introduction, 4th ed. Routledge, 2015) Language Norms The most generally held view is that the Inner Circle (eg. UK, US) is norm-providing; this means that English language norms are developed in these countries and spread outwards. The Outer Circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries)   is norm-developing, easily adopting and perhaps developing its own norms. The Expanding Circle (which includes much of the rest of the world) is norm-dependent, because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the Inner Circle. This is a one-directional flow and learners of English as a foreign language in the Expanding Circle look to the standards set in the Inner and Outer Circles.​  (Mike Gould and Marilyn Rankin,  Cambridge International AS and A Level English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2014)  Ã‚   In the so-called inner circle English is multifunctional, transmitted through the family and maintained by governmental or quasi-governmental agencies (e.g. media, school, etc.), and is the language of the dominant culture. The outer circle contains countries (usually multilingual) colonized by English-speaking powers. English is typically not the language of the home, but transmitted through the school, and has become part of the countrys chief institutions. Norms come officially from the inner circle, but local norms also play a powerful role in dictating everyday usage.  (Suzanne Romaine, Global English: From Island Tongue to World Language. The Handbook of the History of English, ed. by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Blackwell, 2006)[W]hile inner circle nations are now well in the minority among users of English, they still exert strong proprietary rights over the language in terms of norms. This applies far more to discourse patterns than to grammatical rules or pronunciat ion norms (the latter varying considerably between the inner circle countries in any case). By discourse patterns, I mean the way spoken and written discourse is organised. In many fields of scholarship, the major international journals are now published entirely in English. . . . At present, English speakers from inner circle countries still hold a great deal of control in terms of assessing contributions and reviewing books in English.  (Hugh Stretton, Australia Fair. UNSW Press, 2005) Problems With the World Englishes Model [W]ith regard to inner circle Englishes in particular, the model ignores the fact that although there is relatively little differentiation between written norms, this is not the case between spoken norms. The model, thus, in its broad categorisation of varieties according to large geographical areas, does not take into account the considerable spoken dialectal variation within each of the varieties identified (e.g., American English, British English, Australian English)...Secondly, a problem exists with the World Englishes model because of its reliance on a fundamental distinction between native speakers of English (i.e., from the inner circle) and non-native speakers of English (i.e., from the outer and expanding circles). There is a problem with this distinction because attempts so far at precise definitions of the terms native speaker (NS) and non-native speaker (NNS) have proved highly controversial ...Thirdly, Singh et al. (1995:284) believe that the labelling of inner circle (o ld) English and outer circle (new) English is overly value-laden since it suggests that older Englishes are more truly English than those historically younger varieties in the outer circle. Such a distinction seems even more problematic because, . . . historically, all varieties of English other than English English are transpalnted.(Robert M. McKenzie,  The Social Psychology of English as a Global Language. Springer, 2010)

Peer review of classmates' papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review of classmates' papers - Essay Example Such mistakes absorb the professionalism from writing, and the big ideas presented are all outshined by these petty mistakes, which is very unjust! Apart from the wrong use of tense, you have also made several other grammatical mistakes, which include but are not limited to wrong sentence construction, missing words and use of inappropriate vocabulary. For example, â€Å"†¦one thing, highest good†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦line 3, should have been â€Å"†¦one thing, i.e. the highest good†. â€Å"Both of their ideas have been†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦line 3 & 4, should have been â€Å"Ideas of both of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then â€Å"Aquinas say that laws must be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦line 28 & 29, should have been â€Å"Aquinas says that laws must be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The grammatical errors pointed out above are only few of the several problems that I see in the paper. The paper you have written fundamentally compares the ethical beliefs of Aristotle and Aquinas, and is thus a c omparison essay. But the way you have structured the essay does not fulfill the requirements of a comparison essay. In order to write a good comparison essay, you must learn that there are two basic ways of structuring an essay.

Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics Case Study

Employment Relations in the Innovative Electronics - Case Study Example Subsequently, these problems affected diverse business areas within the company besides affecting the stakeholders. The customers could not get their needs and demands met by the products of Innovative and hence walked away. The parent company reduced resources to the subsidiaries, affecting the motivation and reward system negatively. The management structure and the policies that the senior managers used caused mistrust and cynicism and failed to address the problems of the company since coherence and teamwork were affected negatively. Innovative Electronics is a company that operates in Europe and produces sophisticated electronic control equipment used by other big companies in testing and measuring laboratory instruments, mobile phones, and chemicals. The Innovative business has experienced constant problems in the past five years, resulting in a patchy performance because of the economic turmoil that rocked the world’s market for some of its important products. This paper is an integrative case study analysis of Innovative electronics in which the problem is discussed, the case data analyzed, and the main problems facing the company identified and analyzed. In addition, recommendations are made to help improve the situation that the company is in, in future. The Innovative Electronics is experiencing poor and low performance in its business for the last five years because of the market depression for some of its main products. The company, which had been thriving on the power of technological innovations for its business success, is also facing increased threats from its new competitors in the market because of less innovative developments that can neither attract new customers nor retain the existing ones.

Tiger Airways Case Study

Tiger Airways Case Study Tiger Airways is an ultra-low cost airline which commenced services on 25 March 2005. It is currently the largest low-cost airline operating out of Singapore in terms of passengers carried. In 2006, the airline flew 1.2 million passengers, a growth of 75% from the previous year. These days, the hottest news pops that Tiger Airways and Thai Airways International will form an airline based in Thailand, where Thai Airways International and Tiger Airways will own 51% and 49% respectively of the newly formed airline. Operations are expected to begin in the 1st quarter of 2011. This paper is based on this information with further discussion the business model and strategies with Tiger Airways and the whole low-cost airline industry. Question 1 a) Discuss why Tiger Airways jointly launch a low-cost airline with Thai Airways. Provide 5 (five) reasons. Tiger Airways and Thai Airways are both infusive airlines in Asia. Tiger Airways jointly launch a low-cost airline with Thai Airways can benefits both two companies to achieve a win-win situation. Tiger Airways based on Singapore, choose to co-operate with Thai Airways could further develop the international market in Asia. Thailand is one of the most famous tourist resorts in the world. Tourism is a major economic factor in Thailand, contributing an estimated 6.7% to Thailands GDP. No doubt, more and more people will choose Tiger Airways to Thailand as it price advantages. This strategic decision will attract more passengers to Tiger Airways. Compare to Jet star, Air Asia and other low-cost airlines, Tiger Airways is still smaller than its rivals. This move could increase the overall strength of the market competitiveness in Asia. Tiger Airways is all along with its low-cost airline business model from the day when it established. This is a superexcellent chance to advertise its business model and corporate image. b) Evaluate whether Tiger Airways decision in the above strategy is considered as a strategic decision. Support with 6 (six) reasons. The definition of a strategic decision is the decision that is concerned with whole environment in which the firm operates the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface between the two. There are some characteristics/features of a strategic decision A strategic decision has a major resource proposition for an organization. The resource proposition of Tigers decision is to occupy Thailands international airlines which concerned possess a new market of Asia civil aviation. A strategic decision deal with harmonizing organizational resource capabilities with the threats and opportunities. Thai Airways used to be Tigers competitor, this decision change the competitor to its partner contains with threats and opportunities. A strategic decision deal with the range of organizational activities. Tiger Airways plans to increase its fleet to 68 by 2015 and has the same pan-Asian aspirations as its competitors through this co-operation. A strategic decision involves a change of major kind since an organization operates in ever-changing environment. Both Tiger Airways and Thai Airways are low-cost airlines. This move signified that the two companies want to through this co-operation to change the environment of Asia civil aviation. A strategic decision will involve a lot of risk. Thai Airways own 51% of the low cost airline that means they control the scales. If some contradictions between them, this decision will be a big risk for Tiger Airways. A strategic decision is consider both administrative and operational decisions. Tigers decision aim to reduce cost which co-operate with Thai Airways to achieve the airline business in Thailand through its operational decision of cost-saving actions. c) Discuss which 5 (five) macro-environment factors that will most likely affect the low-cost airline industry. Political factors are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Eg, if the government wants to increase the airport construction fees, that must can be a big challenge for the low-cost airline industry. Because it will threaten the price advantage which is the biggest advantage for low-cost airline industry compare to others. Furthermore, governments have great influence on the airport infrastructure built, foreign affairs and many other factors that will most likely affect the low-cost airline industry. Economic factors include economic growth, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how air tickets operate and make the price decisions to each low-cost airline industry company. As the low-cost airlines usually between country to country ,the exchange rates and other economic factors will direct influence the costs of goods and the supply and the price of tickets in the low-cost airline industry . Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for the low-cost airlines products and how that company operates. For example, Tiger Airways not only supply the airline services but also supply hotel booking, sightseeing tour and other services. But all these should take different social factors into account. Technological factors include technological aspects such as aerosatsystem, technology incentives and the rate of technological change in this industry. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient service level and influence strategic decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation in the low-cost airline industry. Law factors include the relevant laws affect low-cost airlines. Eg. Tiger Airway Australian only provide domestic service in Australian, because the legal rule of Australian to limit. Question 2 Based on the case study and information on the webpage (www.tigerairways.com/sg), analyze 3 (three) levels of strategy that you can identify at Tiger airways. Corporate and Business level strategy. Operational strategy. Porters Competitive Strategy Model Porter (1980) has described a category scheme consisting of three general types of strategies that are commonly used by businesses. These three generic strategies are defined along two dimensions: strategic scope and strategic strength. Strategic scope is a demand side dimension and looks at the size and composition of the market you intend to target. Strategic strength is a supply-side dimension and looks at the strength or core competency of the firm. In particular he identified two competencies that he felt were most important: product differentiation and product cost Competitive Strategies for Tiger airways In view of the above challenges, low-cost airlines must do three things to ensure their long-term survival. Cost Leadership. Tiger airways maintained a sustainable low-cost advantage over their full-service competitors. Tiger airways ensured that their costs per passenger-km continue to be 50 per cent or more below those of full-service airlines and continuing to reduce their own costs too. Differentiation Strategy. Tiger airways focused on differentiation of their product, that mean they must also offer a product with some frills, which is very highly rated by passengers in terms of value for money. They have draw lessons from the successful model by their competitors like Virgin Blue in Australia and JetBlue in the USA. Virgin Blue was the first carrier outside North America to introduce multi-channel real-time satellite TV to its flights called Live2Air. The strategies of Tiger airways are twofold to take on the legacy carriers and attract higher-yield passengers, and to add points of difference from other low-cost airlines Market Share and Market Segmentation Strategy Tiger airways ensured that on most of their routes they become the number one or number two carriers in terms of market share in Asia. This dominance, combined with their low fares, gives them a very powerful defensive position should new competitors attempt to enter, while also ensuring a strong cash-flow base on which to mount further expansion. Tiger Airways survival and success is due in no small measure to its growth strategy, which has focused on becoming dominant in most of its markets. Operational strategy As mentioned earlier, the chief difference between low cost carriers and traditional airlines fall into three groups: service savings, operational savings and overhead savings. Tiger Airways tend to focus on short haul route. To achieve the low operating costs per passenger, this type of carriers need to have as many seats on board its aircraft as possible, to fill them as much as possible, and to fly the aircraft as often as possible. Tiger Airways want to through its low cost airline affect the traditional airline hub-and-spoke networks poses interesting questions for the airlines industry and policy makers. It means choosing to perform a system of activities differently from that of traditional rivals and providing a coherent set of key activities that reinforce each other to achieve such position in a sustainable manner. Despite the challenges faced, Tigers low-cost model appears to be sustainable in Asia as it has been in the Singapore, Thailand, China and elsewhere. It has a different and substantially lower cost structure than the conventional network model, because the latter imposes higher costs on those who operate network systems. While Tigers network airlines can reduce their unit costs further, they can match those on short-haul routes. Tiger Airways competed for a part of their own traditional markets with low-cost carriers and it will increasingly generate most of their business from the denser, short-haul, inclusive tour markets and from long-haul routes. Within Asia, in South-east Asia and even in Australia, Tiger Airways cleared that low-cost airlines will become the dominant carriers in domestic and short-haul markets. It is not a passing phase. Tiger Airways was here to stay and it will dominate most of the markets they enter. Tiger Airways jointly launch a low-cost airline with Thai Airways was a example to prove. Question 3 a) Using Porters 5 (five) forces model, analyse all the forces in the low-cost airline industry. Buyer power Low-cost Airlines generally have a large number of buyers. Many of these are individual consumers purchasing flights directly from the airline, although there are B2B sales to charter companies, discounters, and similar buyers. In the low-cost carrier market, airlines are competing for the same market segment. The bargaining power of the consumers is increasing as the supply exceeds the demands. Price sensitivity is high; a result of factors such as the growth of online price comparison sites, corporate travel expense policies for business flyers such as Jetstar and Virgin Blue. The consumers are price sensitive. One of the challenges that all the low-cost Airline must face is the lack of customer loyalty in the low-cost carrier arena where passengers easily switch to airlines that offer lower fares. Buyers have no loyalty in low cost airlines such as Tiger Airways as the trip is purchased according to price. Supplier power Low-cost Airlines must enter into contracts when buying or leasing aircraft from suppliers. Breaking hose contracts can often imply a heavy financial cost. Furthermore, Boeing and Airbus effectively form a duopoly of suppliers of new jetliners, not only in the large jetliner category, with planes such as the 747 and A380 but also in small jetliner category with planes such as the 737 and A320. In the market for lower-capacity regional jets and propeller-driven aircraft, companies such as Embraer, ATR, and Bombadier are significant suppliers. The relative lack of alternative manufacturers or substitute inputs increases supplier power. Air Indias passenger fleet consists of 46 Boeing, 78 Airbus, seven ATR, and seven Bombadier planes. Southwest Airlines is the worlds largest low-cost carrier. Southwests successful business model involves not only flying multiple short, quick trips into the secondary airports of major markets but also using only one aircraft type, the Boeing 737. Suppliers offer fuel, labor, airport and security services all with changing prices. Aviation fuel is another vital input. Number of fuel suppliers is still relatively few. However, it is difficult for suppliers to forward integrate. Strategic alliance among airlines for economies size such as code sharing and economies scale such as purchase of fuel and aircraft could reduce the supplier power in some level. New entrants The economic entrance barriers to the not only low-cost airlines but also all the airlines industry is relatively high. For an entirely new company, they include the considerable up-front outlay needed to obtain planes, although this may not be an issue for an existing airline beginning to offer flights to a new country or region. Distribution is not particularly easy, as new players need to establish an online booking system, and relationships with travel agents and other sales intermediaries. It is also vital to obtain airport slots for take-off and landing. There has been a growth in air traffic over recent years which mean that congestion at airports in many countries is expected, especially the major hubs. The time slot given to an low-cost airline is important, and is something all airlines negotiate with airports. Established airlines will already hold the monopoly over slots at certain airports, making it harder for new low-cost airlines to infiltrate. This creates difficulties for a new low-cost airline aiming to negotiate prime slots at busy airports and can result in it being restricted to offering flights only at off-peak times, or having to fly to airports further away from popular destinations. This can be a deterrent to new airlines, as customers may seek more convenient alternatives. For example, in Singapore infrastructure constraints pose as a formidable entry barrier. Because of the intense price war, a new entrant will find it almost impossible to offer rates that are lower than Tiger Airways. The airline industry is highly capital intensive. New entrants are challenged by expensive aircrafts, high cost of operation and war for talents. New entrants also find it very hard to look for suitable airport as airport slots are reserved for established airlines. Substitutes Other forms of transport such as road, rail and marine travel are considered as substitutes to airline travel. Buyers take into account not only the cost of travel but also how long the journey will take on corresponding forms of transportation. In some countries, air travel makes it easier to overcome long distances and has certain benefits such as shorter travel time than rail travel, even including the time to check in. However based on the price advantages of low-cost airlines, rail and road transportation will not becomes more attractive alternatives for a majority of buyers. Furthermore, many consumers are now aware of the environmental impact of air travel, and are turning to rail travel instead. It is possible to travel around much of the world by long-distance bus or train, although levels of service vary and some border crossings may present a difficulty. Rivalry In the airline industry where the market is highly saturated, the rivalry between existing airlines is one of the strongest forces. Rivalry is increased by the presence of low-cost carriers in the market, as these companies can compete more intensely on price. Switching costs for buyers are low. Besides, existing airlines such as SIA will sometimes marketed big promotions which almost has the same price as low-cost airlines, it means that it is easy for them to change to a competitor. In terms of intra-industry competition is also high. Eg. In Asia, Tiger Airways as a new entrant poses as a threat to established low-cost carriers such as Jetstar and Virgin Blue. The competition in the budget sector is very high as all airlines has the same no frills philosophy. Price is the major differentiating factor in the low-cost carrier market, an area where Tiger Airways lead. b) Provide a conclusion and reason on the attractiveness of the low-cost airline industry. No doubt, the biggest attractiveness of low-cost airline industry is based on its great price advantage as it saves money compare to the ticket price of the traditional airways. Besides, it promotes great vacations. For example, Tiger Airways also supply Airways hotels, Travel insurance, Budget accommodation, Car hire etc. With Tiger Airways you would be thrilled because you get to have a great holiday. At the same price compare to other transports ,you do not need to worry anymore about long and tiresome journeys by bus, train or car. This would invariably involve countless days on road, living out of a suitcase and staying in uncomfortable hotels. The flight does away with all this inconvenience. Question 4 Explain value chain analysis. Based on the case and research done through the companys website, analyse the value chain of Tiger Airways. Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Activities those that are directly concerned with creating and delivering a product (e.g. component assembly); (2) Support Activities, which whilst they are not directly involved in production, may increase effectiveness or efficiency (e.g. human resource management). It is rare for a business to undertake all primary and support activities. Primary Activities Primary value chain activities of Tiger Airways include: Primary Activity Description Inbound logistics Tiger Airways based on Singapore, Tiger Airways can attempt to co-operate with Airbus to lower the cost of the airplanes. It can also co-operate with food suppliers to get cheaper and more delicious. Operations Tiger Airways now operates a fleet of 19 Airbus A320-family aircraft and is committed to increasing its fleet size to 68 by December 2015. The airline operates flights to 33 destinations across 11 countries and territories in Asia and Australia from its aircraft bases in three locations Singapores Changi Airport Budget Terminal, Tullamarine Airport in Melbourne and Adelaide Airport in South Australia. Besides it has detail duties, responsibilities and specifications for every position include Flight Dispatchers, Operations Controllers, Flight Safety Manager, Pilots and Cabin Crew. Outbound logistics Tiger Airways of Singapore has agreed to open their operations in various countries. It is also stepping forward to associate with a Global Distribution System company to strengthen its ticketing system to enable travelers to access to more passengers. Marketing and sales The Company recorded an operating profit of $28.0 million and a profit for the year attributable to shareholders of the Company of $28.2 million for the financial year ended 31 March 2010. Revenues grew 28.6% to $486.2 million while operating costs grew only 7.7%, despite the 53.8% increase in passengers compared to the preceding 12 months. Growth in revenues was supported by the combination of passenger seat revenue increasing 19.6% and ancillary revenue growth of 87.4%. Ancillary revenues currently comprise 19.4% of our revenue base, an increase from 13.3% in FY2009. Management continues to be focused on optimising ancillary revenues, with initiatives such as the carriage of cargo being introduced in FY2011. During the last 12 months from 2009 to 2010 the number of passengers reached at 4,872,000 Service Besides online sales and flying services à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Tiger Airways also supply Tiger Airways hotels, Travel insurance , Budget accommodation, Car hire etc. Support Activities Support activities include: Secondary Activity Description Procurement The procurement of Tiger Airways was a low-cost carrier operates a fleet of Airbus A320s. Now Tiger Airways has a fleet of 19 Airbus A320 aircraft and it aim to increasing its fleet size to 68 by December 2015. Human Resource Management The human resource management was organized by its special department in details. Processing of Employment Pass, Airport Pass and Staff Pass Administer Staff intranet database Administer procedures for new hires and resigned employees Compiling of information for surveys requested by its special agencies. Technology Development Around 75% of Tiger Airways seat sales come from the internet, both from the public and agents, while the balance 25% comes from call centers and airport outlets. By these years ,Tiger Airways continue to develop its webs power by co-operate with Facebook, Twiter, Youtube and other media agencies . It also emphasis on advising. For example in 2005, it had an increase of more than 60% in revenue and website visits since it launched its new advertising campaign: Whats New Pussycat? Infrastructure By 16 June 2010, the biggest shareholder of Tiger Airways is Singapore Airline Limited which holds 33.55% of the company shares. Approximately, 31.8% of the companys shares are held in the hands of public. Question 5 a) Analyse at least 5 (five) common cost-cutting strategies adopted by low-cost carriers that directly affect the passengers. 1. Develop creativity. A good example to support this strategy is the invention of Boeing 737. The Boeing 737 is a short-term and lower-cost twin-engine airliner developed by U.S. which influenced the whole low cost airline in the world. With this aircraft, it can save the gas but also narrow the costing of supplier to gain the biggest benefit of airline. Southwest Airline is the biggest low-cost airline in the world which using only this aircraft type to add a batch management to get the cost-cutting. 2. Rational use of resources. The low-cost airlines usual have limit resources, however use it rational become the key to success. After 911 the airline industry in U.S. was decreased. But Southwest Airline remodeled its Boeing 737 , added six more seats to every plane and guarantee will not effect the comfortable of the passengers, which help Southwest gain the profit even the past-911 time. 3. Efficient chick in service. The low-cost airways usually provide short-term service. The fly travel time will not over 2 hours. All the passengers concerned how fast they can chick in and how long they can arrive. The same successful example of Southwest Airline proved that they only need 10-15 minutes from chick in to take off, which usually take 1 hour to do that. This action not only gains the trust of passengers but also save the time. As time is money in business, they gain the efficient cost-cutting. 4. 0 strategy. Every low-cost airline should have a self- orientation of their company. For the low-cost airlines 0 means no luxury fitment, no free-service of food, no provide of TV and ear phone ect. to make a cost-cutting. 5. Effective and efficient operation. The low-cost airlines operate many planes. The key is how to operate them efficient. The biggest successful factor of Southwest Airline is the number 11 in its cost-cutting culture as 11 means they guarantee every Boeing 737 of their airline fly 11 times per day. It gains both the passengers benefit and the max operation of their airplanes. b) Recommend at least 3 (three) future strategies that Tiger Airways could implement to maintain its low-cost strategies. Break-even. A useful method for making expense comparisons is break-even analysis. Break-even is the point at which gross profit equals expenses. In a business year, it is the time at which your sales volume has become sufficient to enable your over-all operation to start showing a profit. It is important for low-cost airlines to remember that once sales pass the break-even point, the fixed expenses percentage goes down as the sales volume goes up. Locating Reducible Expenses. The airlines profit and loss statement provides a summary of expense information and is the focal point in locating expenses that can be cut. Taking cost cutting Action. When the airlines have located a problem expense area, the next step obviously is to reduce that cost so as to increase the profit. A key to the effectiveness of your cost-cutting action is the worth of the various expenditures. As long as you know the worth of your expenditures, you can profit by making small improvements in expenses. Keep an open eye and an open mind. It is better to do a spot analysis once a month than to wait several months and then do a detailed study. Take action as soon as possible. You can refine your cost-cutting action as you go along. Conclusion The low-cost airline revolution has injected a dose of democracy into the travel world. Low-cost airlines have succeeded in taking over a large part of the market. Tiger Airways jointly launch a low-cost airline with Thai Airways provide a new opportunity, a new market and a new business model based on its successful business strategies. Moreover, Tiger Airways get ready to take off more quickly; enabling it as competitive airline to schedule more flights and provide more attractive schedules for passengers. No doubt, there is a bright future for Tiger Airway!

Case of Thabo Meli V R

THABO MELI v R Fact of the case : The defendants had taken their intended victim to a hut and plied him with drink so that he became intoxicated. They then hit the victim around the head, intending to kill him. In fact the defendants only succeeded in knocking him unconscious, but believing the victim to be dead, they threw his body over a cliff. The victim survived but died of exposure some time later. The defendants were convicted of murder, and appealed to the Privy Council on the ground that there had been no coincidence between mens rea and actus reus in order to put them liable for murder.Principle of the case : Approach use is the series of acts. This approach involves treating a series of distinct act as continuent parts of a larger transaction. Liability may be attached where at some point in the series of acts, the accused has the necessary mens rea even if the mens rea does not coincide precisely in time with act causing death. Argument by the appellant: The appellant cont ended that the two acts done were separate acts.The first act was done accompanied by mens rea which did not caused the death but the second act that caused death. They argued that the second act was not accompanied by mens rea, therefore, they were not guilty of murder. Defence by the respondent : it appears from the medical evidence that the injuries which deceased received in the hut were not sufficient to cause the death and that the final cause of his death was exposure where he was left at the foot of the krantz.There is no doubt that the accused set out to do all these acts in order to achieve their plan. Judgment of the case : It was impossible to divide up what was really one series of acts; the crime was not reduced from murder to a lesser crime, merely because the appellants were under some misapprehension for a time during the completion of their criminal plot; and, therefore, the appellants were guilty of murder.

The Way Obama Felt - 1458 Words

The way Obama felt. This piece is about my experience, as a black woman, facing adversity in a volunteered leadership role for a class project. The subjects in this experience tie closely to that of political events surrounding Barack Obama’s post-presidency and arguably, for the beginning of it as well. Similarly, as Obama had hope in this country, I had hope in my peers in executing successfully a project specifically dealing with social change. They elected me, as this country elected its first black president, and this strengthened both our faith and hope each in the system and project. The same way Obama tried to empower a divided country politically frustrated with its increasing national issues, so did I for my team that appeared†¦show more content†¦I was very direct and transparent with my teammates and even empowered those who opposed the project. Like all leaders, adversity is inevitable. I endured plenty of it for my ideas by the same teammate. Despite this, I still hung on b ecause I believed in the vision that Professor X had of us as agents of social change. The same teammates who opposed the project in the beginning, tried to convince the class that they had stronger leadership capabilities than me, despite that previously they were openly against the project and Professor X syllabus. â€Å"I’m the Queen of Google doc,† she boasted. A few chuckles came from a student who was one of few who spoke to me outside the classroom. I recalled consoling her when she upset about the warning Professor X. Now, here she was supporting a competitor of mine. It hurt a little but I was reminded by my past to not fight for what is already given. Hence, leadership of the group was already bestowed to me. So, I reassured the group that as a leader, team effort would be my main concern. The next day, my competitor scattered the google doc with research. When I tried to organize it as it was part of my job description, she lashed out on me via messenger. Very respectfully, I tried to reassure her that I was simply organizing the document and welcomed her input. Intensely, dissatisfied, she erased her research. I understand groupShow MoreRelatedThe Presidential Campaign And Obama s Administration970 Words   |  4 Pageslobbyists. Obama had to deal with interest groups all throughout his presidency, whether it was dealing with Congress or his interaction with committees. Over time interest groups have taken on a larger and more important role in government. The interaction between interest groups and Obama played an influential role in shaping his presidency. Special interest groups are a group of people, usually formally organized that share a common concern and wish to influence public policy in some way. 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Malcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay - 730 Words

The Civil Rights Movement includes social movements in the United States whose objective was to end racial segregation as well as discrimination against African-Americans. Civil rights are a class of rights that protects individuals freedom and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life. Civil rights include the ensuring of life and safety, protection from an individual. The United States tries to get voting rights for them. The phase of the movement began in 1954 and ended in 1968 specifically happening in the South. This movement was described by major campaigns of civil resistance. The Acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced disaster situations between activists and government authorities.†¦show more content†¦Malcolm strongly desired a change. At the age of 20, he gets indicted for larceny. He goes to prison and there becomes a member of the Nation of Islam. The introduction to the Nation of Islam became the rest of Malcolms life, but impacted it in a positive way. The Nation of Islam was also how he became Malcolm X; he changed his name to Malcolm X because the X was used to replace the slave name of Little which Malcolm says to be the last name of the slave owners. He was the public face of the controversial group. Later, in 1946 he is again convicted of larceny, breaking and entering, and carrying a weapon. After this he becomes more involved in all the civil rights situations. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks. Malcolm X wanted African-Americans use violence against whites instead of a passive method. Malcolm X advocated African-American pride and rose to become a human rights activist. Malcolm X was a man who indicted White Americans in the worse terms for its crimes against African-Americans. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. 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During this period, the leaders used different tacti cs in order to achieve change. Of two of the better-known leaders, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., the latter had a more positive influence in the progress of the movement. Each of these two leaders had different views on how to go about gaining freedom. While King believed a peaceful means would allow the blacks to achieve equalityRead MoreEssay Question: Assess the Extent That Malcolm X Achieved His Goals in The Civil Rights Movement in America. (Consider the Legacy Malcolm X Left Behind)2298 Words   |  10 PagesEssay Question: Assess the extent that Malcolm X achieved his goals in The Civil Rights Movement in America. (Consider the legacy Malcolm X left behind) Malcolm X aspired for justice and liberalisation for all African-American people during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He was a dynamic spokesperson and used religious concepts from the Nation of Islam to appeal to many African-Americans. Malcolm X was an activist for Black Nationalism and separation as solutions to the scourge of white